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Science diplomacy has the potential to strengthen or improve relations between countries, promote goodwill, and advance the frontiers of knowledge. Some advocates argue that science diplomacy can also spread the principles of science—including transparency, peer review, and evidence-based decision making—to governance. However, this scientific dimension of diplomacy is only powerful if the tools that promote it are effective. The United States has a suite of tools available to promote science diplomacy. A specific tool wielded by the U.S. Department of State on behalf of the U.S. government is the bilateral Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation (S&T agreement). This paper explores the drivers for S&T agreements involving the United States and how they have been used to support science diplomacy.

A Formal and Legally Binding Agreement

International agreements to promote cooperation in scientific research and development can be bilateral or multilateral, government-wide or at the level of individual technical agencies (e.g., the National Science Foundation or the National Institutes of Health). The focus of this paper is on bilateral, government-wide agreements, also referred to as umbrella agreements, framework agreements, or simply S&T agreements. Scientific cooperation between the United States and other countries is undertaken using a variety of arrangements, from informal scientist-to-scientist collaborations to cooperation between research institutions to formal agreements between technical agencies. While S&T agreements are not necessary for these types of interactions, other nations often seek S&T agreements with the United States because they carry the weight of being legally binding and having been negotiated on behalf of the U.S. government. These agreements endeavor to establish a framework to foster international science collaboration while protecting intellectual property, establishing benef

A digest of useful news from U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism for the week of December 17-23, 2010

(Please note that the next issue of Russia in Review will come out on January 7, 2011).

I. U.S. and Russia priorities for the bilateral agenda.

Nuclear security agenda:

• Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh signed on Tuesday a joint statement that sought to intensify cooperation in preventing nuclear weapons from falling into the hands of terrorists. "India and the Russian Federation, as responsible states, possessing advanced nuclear technologies, share the objective of preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, including preventing their possible acquisition by terrorist groups," the statement said. (Indo-Asian News Service, 12.21.10)
• President Dmitry Medvedev wrote in a letter to the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe: "We hold in high regard your efforts to achieve such important goals, as prevention of nuclear terrorism." (Tribuna, 12.16.10).
• Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov said: "Today we do not carry out "total" intelligence but focus attention on the Russian Federation's sphere of interests and seek to expend our resources economically and rationally. Currently we are closely tracking the threats of international terrorism and drugs trafficking, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and the emergence of new states possessing nuclear weapons," he said. (Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 12.22.10).
• Serbia sent 2.5 tons of its remaining nuclear waste, including 13 kilograms of highly enriched uranium, from its sole nuclear research facility near Belgrade to a disposal site in Russia, Deputy Prime Minister Bozidar Djelic said. With assistance from National Nuclear Security Administration and in coordination with the International Atomic Energy Agency and under tight se

The World Policy Conference (WPC) is an independent organization whose aim is to contribute to improving all aspects of governance, with a view to promoting a world that is more open, prosperous, fairer and more respectful of the diversity of States and nations. It was launched in 2008, by Thierry de Montbrial, Chairman and Founder of the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri).

This annual conference revolves around debates gathering economic and political leaders, diplomats, representatives of civil society, experts and journalists from all over the world. It aims at reflecting, debating, and offering constructive solutions to major regional and international issues, in an atmosphere of respect and tolerance.

In 2017, the World Policy Conference ranked 3rd best Think Tank Conference according to The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) at the Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania '2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report'.

History

Launched in 2008 by Thierry de Montbrial, the Chairman and Founder of the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri), the World Policy Conference (WPC) is the first effort to foster systematic reflection on organizing global governance tailored to 21st century realities, bringing together the highest-level decision-makers, experts and opinion leaders.

The first edition of the conference took place in Evian (France), from October 6-8, 2008.

The foundations of the WPC

The World Policy Conference (WPC) was founded on three complementary ideas:

- The nature of globalisation

The World Policy Conference falls within a context where globalisation and interconnections between countries have never been stronger, whether it is on a political, economic or environmental level. During its first edition in 2008, the conference has add

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