Severo ochoa biography video about muhammad

Abstract

Background

Chemsex prevalence is still not well known, and both the lack of homogeneity and cultural component of chemsex practices are usually overlooked.

Objective

This study aims to estimate the proportion of sexual minority men (SMM) engaging in chemsex sessions, while understanding the cultural dimension of chemsex, and to analyze distinct session typologies with potential risk differences and the sociodemographic factors associated with engaging in them.

Methods

A total of 5711 SMM residing throughout Spain participated in an anonymous web-based survey that assessed chemsex session engagement and characteristics, drug use, and sociodemographic variables. We measured the association of sociodemographic factors with engaging in chemsex sessions by calculating adjusted prevalence ratios, using multivariate Poisson regression analysis. Chemsex typologies were analyzed using latent class analysis, and sociodemographic factors were associated with the different risk classes.

Results

Our results determined that 21.1% (1205/5711; 95% CI 20.0%‐22.1%) of SMM engaged in chemsex sessions during their lifetime. Participating in sessions was significantly associated with being a migrant, not having a comfortable financial situation, openly living their sexuality, residing in bigger municipalities, older age, using steroids, and living with HIV (adjusted prevalence ratio: range 1.17-2.01; all P values <.05). Three typologies of sessions with different risks were identified with latent class analysis, with 23.2% of SMM engaging in sessions taking part in higher-risk ones, which was associated with younger age, using steroids, living in bigger municipalities, openly living their sexuality, and living with HIV, compared to SMM engaging in lower-risk sessions (odds ratio: range 2.75-4.99).

Conclusions

Chemsex is relatively common among SMM in Spain, but it is important to differentiate typologies of sessions with varying risks, and the proportion of SM

Abstract

Plant-based diets, defined here as including both vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, are growing in popularity throughout the Western world for various reasons, including concerns for human health and the health of the planet. Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than meat-based diets and have a reduced environmental impact, including producing lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Dietary guidelines are normally formulated to enhance the health of society, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and prevent nutritional deficiencies. We reviewed the scientific data on plant-based diets to summarize their preventative and therapeutic role in cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Consuming plant-based diets is safe and effective for all stages of the life cycle, from pregnancy and lactation, to childhood, to old age. Plant-based diets, which are high in fiber and polyphenolics, are also associated with a diverse gut microbiota, producing metabolites that have anti-inflammatory functions that may help manage disease processes. Concerns about the adequate intake of a number of nutrients, including vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fats, are discussed. The use of fortified foods and/or supplements as well as appropriate food choices are outlined for each nutrient. Finally, guidelines are suggested for health professionals working with clients consuming plant-based diets.

Keywords: plant-based diets, vegetarian, vegan, sustainability, microbiome, vitamin B12, CV disease, diabetes, bone health, life cycle

1. Introduction

Interest in plant-based diets has soared in the past decade for a myriad of reasons [1]. People are concerned about issues such as their health, climate change, the sustainability of the food production system, and the welfare of animals. A plant-based diet is defined in various ways. For some it means eating foods mostly, but not entirely, of plant origin, while

Migraine and epilepsy are two distinct neurological disorders that, at first glance, may appear unrelated. However, a growing body of research has unveiled comprehensive connections between these diseases. It may sound uncommon that migraine finds a place in the borderland of epilepsy, but this fact is substantiated by numerous pieces of evidence, including the fact that their distinction is often challenging [1]. Both migraine and epilepsy have diverse shared features, including a genetic component leading to a predisposed episodic pattern, resemblances regarding some pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as similarities in clinical manifestations and triggers [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Additionally, the array of antiepileptic drugs that are effective in both diseases, with some being used for migraine prophylaxis (e.g. Topiramate, valproic acid) represents another pillar supporting the existence of common pathogenetic mechanisms between migraine and epilepsy [2, 7, 11].

This review aims to delve into the existing knowledge regarding overlaps, similarities, and distinctions. It should serve as a resource for clinicians, as recognizing the commonalities and disparities in these disorders is crucial in providing accurate diagnoses and adequate treatment strategies. While other reviews have already been published on the connection between these diseases [2, 3, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21], this review focuses excessively on common and distinct clinical features throughout an attack or seizure, and on phenomena like peri-ictal headaches and clinical overlapping syndromes. Moreover, this review also considers the undoubtable interictal burden of individuals suffering from one or both diseases, providing insights into the challenges those affected face during and between attacks and shedding light on their cognitive and social abilities.

Epidemiological aspects

Migraine occurs in approximately 1% of